Race Riot Essay - 2129 Words

This book review was on the book of Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. It was a long-term study done by William M. Tuttle, Jr. Its objective was to make a comprehensive documentation of the events of 1919 in Chicago. The book dealt with all aspects and perspectives of the event. The author’s objective was to leave no stone uncovered. That every aspect would be talked about in detail. Some important aspects that he arose throughout the book are going to be the focal point of this book review. I think that it would be proper to give a little history about the author. William Tuttle was a graduate from Denison University in 1959. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1967. He is a college professor and†¦show more content†¦Many instances Tuttle states that the police not only condoned the beatings and killings but also participated in many of them. He often made the point of police involvement. Like when the two black officers came to arrest the suspected stoners the other white officers did not allow them to arrest them and let them go free. These actions put fear into blacks. Tuttle states, â€Å"They had expected little else of a police force which they had come to view as the armed representative of white hostility†(Tuttle, 33). These actions may explain the resentment and hatred of police today by many blacks. There was also a big influx of blacks to Chicago. The numbers of blacks migrating to Chicago was tremendous. Many reasons Tuttle states are the cause for this. The major one is just blacks wanting to leave the south. They wanted to leave the segregated south in hope of a better future. They were tired of the Jim Crow laws, lynching, poor school, and constant harassment. A black said, â€Å"Anywhere north will do us†(Tuttle, 79). Another reason was jobs. In the time of war, the big manufactories trying to keep up with the needs of the military were in dire needs of people to work. There were actual labor recruiters whose job was to go out and recruit blacks to work in the factories. Moreover, when the opportunity to work opened up blacks took them in full demand. It was a way out of the south.Show MoreRelatedThe Springfield 1908 Race Riots1552 Words   |  7 Pages Springfield s history is a long and eventful one. Although there was one event that has seemed to haunt the citiz ens of Springfield for generations upon generations. This event is commonly referred to as the Springfield 1908 race riots. The race riots are remembered as a dark and painful part of springfield’s history. On June first, a single black man named Joe James jumped off a freight train entering springfield, and began a streak of partying. 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The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 9 Free Essays

Everything went gray. Blood roared in Jenny’s ears like the ocean. She was thrown back, in one instant, to the moment when she and Tom and the others had been sucked into the Game, dragged into the Shadow World. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She felt the same riptide dragging at her now, the same dark fog overcoming her senses. The same mindless, helpless terror. She was falling into the emptiness. She didn’t faint. She wished she could, but she didn’t. She hung in his arms, barely supporting her own weight, feeling darkness all around her, and remained conscious. He was going to kill her. He was the voice on the phone. He’d sent the Shadow Wolf after her and Audrey, he’d sent the snake after her in computer class. He’d killed Gordie Wilson. She could still hear the distorted, malign whisper in her head: â€Å"Famished†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny sobbed. Sheer terror gave her the strength to take her own weight again, to try and get free again. To her astonishment, he let her. She reeled backward two steps and came up against the balcony railing. Then she just stared at him. Her first thought was that she should have been more prepared-but there was no way to prepare for Julian. He was always a shock to the senses. His eyes behind the black mask were like liquid cobalt. His entire face was shadowed. His hair shone in the dimness, as white as moonlight on water. He wasn’t like a human. He was sharper, fiercer, brighter than any human could be. More real-which was strange, since this was supposed to be the real world. He was in her world now, not even in some halfway place like the More Games store which seemed to exist between the worlds. He was here, walking around, capable of anything. And just now he radiated menace. Danger. Jenny’s heart was beating so hard and erratically that she thought she might shatter. â€Å"Yellow roses mean infidelity, you know,† he said casually. She remembered his voice now. Once away from it, she’d forgotten. She’d only remembered what she’d thought about it, which was that it was musical and elemental, like water running over rock, but that didn’t really give any sense of its beauty-or its coldness. She put a hand to the cluster of miniature roses at her shoulder. The lovely pale flowers with their golden sheen. In her mind she saw Brian blinking at the sight of them, heard him saying, â€Å"The florist must have screwed up†¦ . â€Å" â€Å"You sent them,† she said. Her voice came out oddly-choked and so openly frightened that she was ashamed. She wanted to tear the roses off, but her hands were shaking. â€Å"Of course. Didn’t you know?† She should have known, but she’d been too stupid, All night she’d been too stupid. She had gone off with a boy in a mask because he didn’t look like Julian, forgetting that Julian could look like anyone he wanted. Or had she forgotten? Maybe some part of her had known, and had wanted to get it over with, She’d been so frightened for so long. With good reason. The last time she’d been with Julian, she’d betrayed him. She’d lied to him, made him believe her-maybe even trust her. And then she’d slammed a door on him, meaning to trap him behind it forever. She’d left him imprisoned like a genie in a bottle. She could only imagine what he must have felt when he realized what she’d done. Now he’d come for his revenge. â€Å"Why don’t you just do it?† she said. She was more pleased with her voice this time; it was clear, if not quite steady. She’d die with dignity. â€Å"Go ahead and kill me.† He tilted his silvery-blond head slightly. â€Å"Is that what I want to do?† he said. â€Å"It’s what you did to Gordie son.† He smiled-oh, God, she’d forgotten that smile, Wolf-hungry. The sort of smile to send you running and screaming-or to make you collapse in a heap on the floor. â€Å"Not personally,† he said. â€Å"But it’s what you brought me here for, isn’t it?† Jenny glanced back at the drop behind her. Her fragile composure was splintering. Hysteria was bubbling up inside her, and she couldn’t stop it. If he wasn’t going to throw her over, then maybe she ought to jump, because dying fast would be better than whatever he was going to do with her†¦ . â€Å"Just go ahead and do it. Just get it over with.† â€Å"All right,† he said, and kissed her. Oh. She’d thought she remembered how it was with Julian, how it felt to be kissed by him. Her memories had lied. Or maybe this kind of thing was too strong for memory to be anything but a shadow of it. In one instant she was transported back to the paper house, back to the shock she’d felt at his first touch. When Tom held her-back in the old days, when Tom still loved her-his arms had made her feel safe. Comforted. Julian didn’t make her feel safe at all. She was trembling instantly. Falling. Soaring. The electricity he carried around with him flooding into her, tingling in every nerve ending. Sweet shocks that sent her mind reeling. Oh, God, I can’t-it’s wrong. It’s wrong, he’s evil. I can’t feel anything for him. I told Tom I didn’t feel anything†¦ . Her body didn’t listen to her. He wants to kill me†¦ . But he was kissing her as softly as twilight, tiny sweet kisses and long ones that turned wild. As if they were lovers reunited, instead of hunter and prey. And Jenny was kissing him back. Her arms were around his neck. He changed the pressure of his lips on hers and light flashed through her. She opened her eyes in shock. â€Å"Jenny,† Julian said, not moving away, speaking with his lips brushing hers. He sounded glad-exalted. Full of discovery. â€Å"You see how it is with us? You can’t fight it any more than I can. You’ve tried; you’ve done everything you can to kill it. But you can’t kill my love for you.† â€Å"No,† Jenny whispered. His face was so close, the mask making him look more dangerous than ever. He was terrifying-and beautiful. She couldn’t look away from him. â€Å"We were meant to be together. It’s our destiny. You’ve put up a good fight, but it’s over now. Give in, Jenny. Let me love you.† â€Å"No!† With sudden strength she pushed him-hard. Shoving him away. The force sent her backward against the railing. Fury swept over his face. Then it ebbed and he sighed deeply. â€Å"You’re going to fight to the end, aren’t you? All right. You’re exciting when you’re angry, and personally I’m starved for the sight of you. In fact, you might say I’m famished-â€Å" â€Å"Don’t.† â€Å"I like the dress,† he continued, as if she hadn’t spoken. â€Å"In a purely aesthetic sense, of course. And I like your hair like that. It makes you look wild and beautiful.† Terrifyingly, Jenny felt wild and beautiful. Felt desirable. It wasn’t right, but his eyes on her made her feel as if no one had ever been as beautiful as she was, since the beginning of time. But she never stopped feeling frightened, either. He took her hand. She felt-not saw, because she couldn’t take her eyes from his-something slip onto her finger. A cold circlet. A ring. She felt the chill of it all around her as if she’d been banded with ice. The gold ring she’d thrown away. Julian said, as if quoting: â€Å"This ring, the symbol of my oath, Will hold me to the words I speak: All I refuse and thee I choose.† Jenny shut her eyes. â€Å"Don’t you remember? I told you the promise was irrevocable. You are sworn mine, Jenny. Now and forever.† If Darkness had taken on a face and a voice, if the powers of night had gathered themselves together and formed themselves into a human being, they would have made something like Julian. And she was his. Like some horrible old movie, yes. Bride of the Devil. She’d promised herself to him, and now she had no choice. Or at least some part of her believed that. A part of her she hadn’t even known existed before she’d met Julian. A part that had changed her recently, so that people noticed. The wild part, a part that craved risks. Like the thing in Dee that loved danger. It was this part that responded to him, that found the rest of the world tame by comparison. The part that made her heart pound and her stomach melt. Her knees literally felt weak-the way they had after the last big earthquake in L.A., when the ground did things solid ground wasn’t supposed to do, when she’d thought she was going to die. Afterward, her legs had actually felt like wax. The way they did now. â€Å"I’ve only come to claim what’s mine. You cast your own fate, Jenny, you doomed yourself. That’s the way it works with runes and oaths. You spoke the words, you let them be written, and that’s it. Didn’t you ever think you’d have to make good?† Jenny didn’t know what she’d thought. She’d done it to save Tom and the others-she would have done anything to save them at that point. â€Å"It was-I couldn’t-it wasn’t fair,† she said, fumbling. She was at a disadvantage; she couldn’t think properly. â€Å"Fair-let’s not get on that again. Life isn’t fair. That’s not the point. You promised yourself to me.† Jenny opened her mouth to explain, but she couldn’t seem to summon up any words. Because the terrible thing was that he was right, There was no real way to justify what she’d done. She’d given him her word. She’d sworn the oath, knowing it would bind her forever. And she supposed the shameful truth was that she’d hoped to get rid of Julian so that he couldn’t collect. With one finger Julian sketched some lines in the air, a shape like a vase turned on its side. â€Å"That’s Perthro, the rune of gambling and divination. It’s the cup that holds the runes or dice when they’re cast.† â€Å"Oh, really?† Jenny said weakly, not having the first idea what he was talking about. â€Å"I’ll tell you something interesting about the people who discovered those runes. They loved gambling. Crazy about it. They would bet everything – including their freedom-on one throw of the dice. And if they lost, they’d go into slavery cheerfully, because they had made a promise and they always played by the rules. Honor meant more than anything to them.† Jenny looked away, hugging her own arms. She felt very cold. She wished there were somewhere to hide. â€Å"Are you going to keep your promise?† What could she say? That it was a promise she never should have had to make? Julian had forced her to play the Game in the beginning-but Jenny had come to him looking for a game. Looking for something scary and sexy, something to provide excitement at a party. Julian had just given her what she’d asked for. It was her own fault for meddling with forbidden things. But she couldn’t-she couldn’t. Teeth sunk into her lower lip, she looked at Julian. She could hardly meet his eyes, but she did. She shook her head. There. Now it was out. She didn’t have any excuses, but she wasn’t going to keep her word. â€Å"You know I could just make you.† She nodded. It was what she expected. But at least she wouldn’t have gone to him willingly. He turned to look down at the ocean, and Jenny waited. â€Å"What do you say we play another game?† â€Å"Oh, no,† Jenny whispered, but he was going on. â€Å"I could just force you-but I’ll give you a sporting chance. One throw of the dice, Jenny. One more game. If you win, you’re free of the promise. If you lose, you keep it.† He turned back to look at her, and in the eyeholes of the mask she could see midnight blue. â€Å"Do you want to play, or do we just resolve this here and now? Don’t panic-think. It’s your only chance. It’s better than no chance. And the wild part in her was responding to his j challenge, surging to meet it. Danger. Risk. Excitement. â€Å"One throw of the dice,† she said softly. â€Å"I’ll play.† He flashed her the wolfish smile. â€Å"No holds barred, then. No quarter asked or given-for any of the players.† Jenny froze. â€Å"Wait a minute-† she began. â€Å"Did you think I was going to fool around? This game is deadly serious-like the last one.† â€Å"But it’s between us,† Jenny said desperately. â€Å"Just you and me-â€Å" â€Å"No.† The eyes behind the mask were narrow. â€Å"This is a game for the original players, for everyone who was in the paper house. No more and no less. On my side, myself and the Creeper and the Lurker. On your side-everyone who helped trick me and betray me. I’m going to catch them one by one, starting with Little Red Riding-Hood.† ‘Wo, â€Å"Jenny said, in terror. Oh, God, what had she done? Summer had died in the last Game†¦. â€Å"Yes. And it starts now. Ready or not, here I come. Find my base and you can stop me from taking them to the Shadow World.† â€Å"Taking who-?† â€Å"Your friends. Find them after I take them and you all go free. If not†-he smiled-â€Å"I keep them all.† Jenny didn’t understand. Panic was rioting inside her. She wasn’t ready-she didn’t know the rules. She didn’t even know what game they were playing. â€Å"Julian-â€Å" Quick as a cat, quick as a striking snake, he kissed her. A hard kiss, and Jenny was responding before she knew it. When it was over, he held her tightly to his chest a moment. She could hear his heart beating-just like a human heart, she thought dizzily. Then he whispered in her ear, â€Å"The new game is lambs and monsters.† And he was gone. Gone from the balcony, just like that. The warmth dissolved from Jenny’s arms, and she was standing alone. She could hear the music again. It might all have been a dream, but she could still feel Julian’s hard kiss on her mouth. The shadows on the balcony had lightened in his absence. Jenny looked around fearfully. Julian had said that the Game would start now. Julian didn’t say things he didn’t mean. But she couldn’t see anything unusual. The dance was going on inside the ballroom. Jenny turned and gripped the railing of the balcony, looking over. Spotlights softly lit the beach below. One of them caught the glint of copper. Audrey! That was Audrey down there, and the dark-haired figure beside her must be Eric. They were yards away from the other people on the sand, walking hand in hand down the beach. Into the darkness. The Game starts now†¦. I’m going to catch them one by one, starting with Little Red Riding-Hood. Red-like Audrey’s hair. â€Å"Audrey! Audrey!† Jenny screamed. Her voice disappeared into the background of music without even a ripple. She could feel how small and faint it was compared to the roaring of the ocean. Jenny looked around wildly; there was no way from the balcony down to the beach. Audrey and Eric were walking out of the range of the lights now, heading into the shadows. â€Å"Audrey!† Audrey didn’t hear her. Something about dances always went to Audrey’s head. For instance, she didn’t really like Eric, the boy she was presently kissing. She just couldn’t help it-something about dances got to her. All the lights-and the dark corners. The sparkly dresses and the compliments and the music. It was better than shopping. And Eric was a pretty good kisser, for an American boy. Not as good as Michael, though. Michael Cohen was a world-class kisser, although you’d never think it to look at him. It was one of the best-kept secrets at Vista Grande High, and Audrey meant it to remain that way. She felt a slight twinge of guilt, thinking of Michael. Well, but she’d told him she didn’t care about Eric. She was doing it to help Jenny. Who was up in the hotel trying to deal with Brian and his unwanted attentions. Maybe it was time Audrey did something about that. â€Å"Eric,† she said, detaching herself and neatening her hair. â€Å"We’d better get back.† He started to protest, but Audrey was already turning. She hadn’t realized how far they’d walked away from the lights of the hotel. â€Å"Come on,† she said uneasily. She had only taken a few steps when she caught movement out of the corner of her eye. It was on her left, on the land side. Something in the shadows, a quick bright flicker. Maybe just some small animal or bird. â€Å"Eric, come on.† He was sulking. â€Å"You go, if you want to.† Oh, fine. She began walking as quickly as she could. Her bare feet sank with each step into the soft, crumbly, faintly damp sand. The hotel spotlights seemed miles away. The ocean stretched out to her right, unimaginably vast. To her left darkness blanketed a slope covered with ice plant. Between the darkness and the sea, Audrey felt small and vulnerable in comparison. It was a bad feeling. She turned suddenly and looked into the darkness. She couldn’t see anything now. Maybe nothing was there. Then she heard a cry behind her. Audrey whirled, straining to see in the darkness. Something was going on back there-some kind of activity. â€Å"Eric? Eric!† Another cry. And, louder, a terrible sound that Audrey could hear over the ocean. A guttural, vibrating snarl. A bestial noise. Sand was spraying. Audrey could see some kind of thrashing. â€Å"Eric! Eric, what’s happening?† The thrashing had stopped. Audrey took an uncertain step forward. â€Å"Eric?† Something glimmered, coming toward her. Not Eric. Something blue and shining. Like an optical illusion, there and then gone. Audrey tried to make her eyes focus-and the lost time was fatal. By the time she saw it clearly it was almost on her. Oh, God-it was unbelievable. In the Shadow World the wolf had looked like a wolf. Huge, massive, but just a wolf. This thing †¦ was a phantom. Like something painted with luminous paint on the air. Nothing in between the brush strokes. Not exactly a skeleton-something worse. A specter. A wraith-wolf. The growling was real. Audrey turned and ran. It was right behind her. She could hear its growling over the roar of the ocean, over her own sobbing breath. Her legs were beginning to ache already. The thick sand sucked at her, dragging her down. It was like running in slow motion. She was closer to the lights. If she could just get there-but it was too far. She would never make it. The ground opened up in front of her. That was what it looked like. A hole, black against the gray sand. Black with flickering electric-blue edges. The sand that had been her enemy helped her now, allowed her to catch herself and fall to her knees. She fell right on the brink of the hole, staring down in disbelief. God-God. It was like nothing she had ever seen. Endless blackness forever. Down at the very bottom there might have been the shimmer of a blue flame. Audrey didn’t want to see any more. She staggered to her feet and ran toward the slope on her left. If she could climb up through the ice plant-maybe she could lose herself there. But it was fast. It came up on her left side, cutting her off, forcing her to swerve. It turned with her, forcing her to swerve again. To circle back toward the hole. Audrey stumbled again and heard a snarl right behind her. Hot breath on her neck. She didn’t have the breath to scream, although there was a screaming in her brain. She clawed her way up and was running again. The way it wanted her to go. She realized that too late. The hole was in front of her, almost beneath her feet. She couldn’t stop herself this time. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 9, Essay examples

Positives And Negatives Of The Utopian Society Essays -

Positives and Negatives of the Utopian Society Sir Thomas More wrote a novel named Utopia about a country that existed only in his mind. More used the story to explore his views and feelings about politics and government. People still believe that the story holds truths that are relevant today even though More wrote Utopia during the Renaissance. Utopia contains information about More's vision of a perfect society. The Utopian government was able to overcome or prevent all problems facing the country. The government first segregates the island by digging a canal around it so that the ocean will create and island that has hazardous straights as it's only means into the island. It then handles the many aspects that a community faces in a manner that, for the most part, creates an enjoyable environment to live in. There are however a few points that I found a flaw in. Personal wealth, religion, and justice are three areas of the Utopian society that have positive and negative sides. The first area of the Utopian society that I found weakness in is the lack of personal property. Every person who could get up and work did so for six hours a day. People were not allowed to be idle as it was against the law. Actually their working hours are sufficient to provide not only an abundance, but a superabundance of all the necessities and conveniences of life (p.35). Since every person contributes to the production of every food or material product in the commonwealth, there is no poverty and no greed. This concept looks great on paper. I feel, however, that this lack of owning anything would cause people to feel like they don't work for themselves. There would be no reason to toil over soil that was hard to sew if you knew you were not going to starve regardless of what you produced. The next part of Utopian culture that I disagree with is its religion and the policy it has on holidays. The people are able to worship any god they wish in anyway they wished. . The people of Utopia are able to partake in any religious ceremony they choose. Each citizen worships as he pleases and as long as he does not force his beliefs onto others he is fine (p.70). This freedom gave people a very important right. It helped to end many problems that occurred during the early years of Utopia (p. 72). This policy is a magnificent idea and it surprised me that no one who actually ran a country had thought of this. The only flaw that I found in Utopian religion was that all citizens had to the same temple at the same time for the festival of the first and last days of the month. These days, called Cynemern and Trapermern, were celebrated in a common temple in the city. The name of no specific god was used in the celebration except Mithra. Since every sect of religion used this name for their god. The government designed the services in this fashion so that they would not offend any religion (p.77). The use of no specific name of a god is a good way to avoid offending people, but it also makes the ceremony very impersonal. It seems to me that it would have been more beneficial if each group of religious Utopians was able to worship in the temple on their own day. This way they would be able to call their god anything they wanted and would feel surrounded by people with their same beliefs. The final area with some aspects is the Utopian justice system. The government does not have many laws; they do not see a need for it. The Utopians see no need in having many laws when there is not enough time to spend to gain the understanding for a larger number. Actually, the Utopians feel that honoring good citizens as a better way to develop morals. Displaying the names of people who have done good for the commonwealth, is thought to be a good way to detour others from acting against the common good. The laws that are made are very few and are made to enforce

Threats to Nike and Potential Strategies Research Paper Example

Threats to Nike and Potential Strategies Research Paper Example Threats to Nike and Potential Strategies Paper Threats to Nike and Potential Strategies Paper It is important to identify the key strengths and weaknesses of Nike to try and find strategies that may be used to help protect the weaknesses and oppose threats and identify and fulfill new opportunities in the market. To help me analyse these strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats I am going to use a SWOT analysis to assess the current situation with regards to these factors to try and help me better understand the pressures on Nike and hopefully develop strategies able to effect these current conditions and improve the Nike organization. Nike is known as the lead competitor in the footwear industry. It is a globalised brand, recognized all over the world. Because of this it plays an important role in the footwear sector and some may say are the trend leaders and setters in particular in relation to sport shoes. Nike promote themselves as the innovator of footwear and pay particular detail to the research and development of their products. Nike do not own any factories which means it does not tie money up in property or manufacturing works. This makes Nike a very lean organization. Nike is the worlds top sports manufacturer and can use this brand image and power to promote their products. The footwear sector of Nikes organization is the largest and most profitable so it is imperative Nike concentrate on the innovation and promotion of their products in this sector. The retail sector is very price sensitive. For this reason Nike have to ensure they are producing products as cheaply as possible without compromising quality. Because Nike sell primarily to retailers this is an ever more important factor as Nike does have it own retailer (Nike town) and large retailers Nike sell too put companies under pressure to produce products cheaply to improve margins. Product development offers Nike many opportunites. (Marketing Teacher). Although Nike believes they are a sports brand, some consumers of the Nike products do not partake in sport. This shows that Nike is not only a sports brand but is now considered a large fashion brand too. This means there are new opportunities to create innovating products to try and target the fashion market. Nike has used various celebrities to endorse products which has, to some extent, made Nike the trend setter as people copy the stars. This is a great way to promote products and capitalizing on this new, potentially huge market in fashion footwear could promote new opportunities in the sector. Nike could also further their worldwide brand dominance by expanding their services to new countries. China and India are both economies that are expanding rapidly so the increase in income for these two economies could be potential to promote products to the wealthy Indian or China economies. As Nike trade internationally they are prone to changes within the international markets. This can include differing exchange rates so costs and margins are not as stable as they could be. This means Nike has to assess its markets and products especially regarding price, regularly to stay competitive. Most of Nikes products are manufactured abroad to make them cheaper, however, many other companies including Nikes top competitors have done the same in order to compete with Nikes cheap production costs. This has made the footwear market very price sensitive and so price competitiveness is now more important than ever before. In the following diagram it shows the fall of the average price of footwear in the UK from 2002-07. This demonstrates the importance of lowering costs as Nike no longer have a sufficient competitive advantage in this sense.

Biography of Lydia Maria Child, Activist and Author

Biography of Lydia Maria Child, Activist and Author Lydia Maria Child, (February 11, 1802–October 20, 1880) was a prolific writer and fervent activist for womens rights, Native American Rights, and abolition. Her best-known piece today is the homey Over the River and Through the Wood, but her influential anti-slavery writing helped sway many Americans toward the abolitionist movement. Fast Facts: Lydia Maria Child Known For:  Prolific author and activist for abolition, womens rights, and Native American rights; author of Over the River and Through the Wood (A Boys Thanksgiving Day)Also Known As:  L. Maria Child, Lydia M. Child, Lydia ChildBorn:  February 11, 1802 in Medford, MassachusettsParents: David Convers Francis and Susanna Rand FrancisDied: October 20, 1880 in Wayland, MassachusettsEducation: Educated at home, at a local dame school, and at a nearby womens seminaryAwards and Honors: Inducted into the  National Womens Hall of Fame (2007)Published Works:  Over the River and Through the Wood, Hobomok, The Rebels, or Boston before the Revolution, Juvenile Miscellany magazine, An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called AfricansSpouse: David Lee ChildNotable Quote: I was gravely warned by some of my female acquaintances that no woman could expect to be regarded as a lady after she had written a book. Early Life Born in Medford, Massachusetts, on February 11, 1802, Lydia Maria Francis was the youngest of six children. Her father David Convers Francis was a baker famous for his Medford Crackers. Her mother Susanna Rand Francis died when Maria was 12. (She disliked the name Lydia and was usually called Maria instead.) Born into Americas new middle class, Lydia Maria Child was educated at home, at a local dame school, and at a nearby womens seminary. She went to live for some years with an older married sister. First Novel Maria was especially close to and influenced by her older brother Convers Francis, a Harvard College graduate, Unitarian minister, and, later in life, a professor at Harvard Divinity School. After a brief teaching career, Maria went to live with him and his wife at his parish. Inspired by a conversation with Convers, she took up the challenge to write a novel depicting early American life. She finished it in six weeks. This first novel, Hobomok, has never been honored as a literary classic. The book is remarkable, however, for its attempt to realistically portray early American life and for its then-radical positive portrayal of a Native American hero as a noble human being in love with a white woman. New England Intellectual The publication of Hobomok in 1824 helped bring Maria Francis into New England and Boston literary circles. She ran a private school in Watertown where her brother served his church. In 1825 she published her second novel, The Rebels, or Boston before the Revolution. This historical novel achieved new success for Maria. A speech in this novel, which she put into the mouth of James Otis, was assumed to be an authentic historical oration and was included in many 19th century schoolbooks as a standard memorization piece. She built on her success by founding in 1826 a bimonthly magazine for children, Juvenile Miscellany. She also came to know other women in New Englands intellectual community. She studied John Lockes philosophy with activist Margaret Fuller and became acquainted with the Peabody sisters and Maria White Lowell. Marriage At this point of literary success, Maria Child became engaged to Harvard graduate and lawyer David Lee Child. Eight years her senior, David Child was the editor and publisher of the Massachusetts Journal. He was also politically engaged, serving briefly in the Massachusetts State Legislature and often speaking at local political rallies. Lydia Maria and David knew each other for three years before their engagement in 1827. While they shared middle-class backgrounds and many intellectual interests, their differences were considerable. She was frugal and he was extravagant. She was more sensual and romantic than he was. She was drawn to the aesthetic and mystical, while he was most comfortable in the world of reform and activism. Her family, aware of Davids indebtedness and reputation for poor monetary management, opposed their marriage. But Marias financial success as an author and editor allayed her own fiscal fears and, after a year of waiting, they were married in 1828. After their marriage, he drew her into his own political activity. She began to write for his newspaper. A regular theme of her columns and of childrens stories in Juvenile Miscellany was the mistreatment of Native Americans by both the New England settlers and earlier Spanish colonists. Native American Rights When President Andrew Jackson proposed moving the Cherokee Indians against their will out of Georgia, in violation of earlier treaties and government promises, David Childs Massachusetts Journal began virulently attacking Jacksons positions and actions. Lydia Maria Child, around that same time, published another novel, The First Settlers. In this book, the white main characters identified more with the Native Americans of early America than with the Puritan settlers. One notable interchange in the book holds up two women rulers as models for leadership: Queen Isabella of Spain and her contemporary, Queen Anacaona, Carib Indian ruler. Childs positive treatment of Native American religion and her vision of a multiracial democracy caused little controversy, mostly because she was able to give the book little promotion and attention after publication. Davids political writings at the Journal had resulted in many cancelled subscriptions and a libel trial against him. He ended up spending time in prison on this offense, though his conviction was later overturned by a higher court. Earning a Living Davids decreasing income led Lydia Maria Child to look to increase her own. In 1829, she published an advice book directed at the new American middle-class wife and mother: The Frugal Housewife. Unlike earlier English and American advice and cookery books, which were directed to educated and wealthy women, this book assumed as its audience a lower-income American wife. Child did not assume that her readers had servants. Her focus on plain living while saving money and time focused on the needs of a far larger audience. With increasing financial difficulties, Maria took on a teaching position and continued to write and publish the Miscellany. In 1831, she wrote and published The Mothers Book and The Little Girls Own Book, more advice books with economy tips and even games. Anti-Slavery Appeal Davids political circle, which included abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and his anti-slavery cohort, drew Child into consideration of the subject of slavery. She began to write more of her childrens stories on the subject of slavery. In 1833, after several years of study and thought about slavery, Child published a book that was a radical departure from her novels and her childrens stories. In the book, awkwardly titled An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans, she described the history of slavery in America and the present condition of those enslaved. She proposed the end of slavery, not through colonization of Africa and the return of the slaves to that continent but through the integration of ex-slaves into American society. She advocated education and racial intermarriage as some means to that multiracial republic. The Appeal had two main effects. First, it was instrumental in convincing many Americans of the need for the abolition of slavery. Those who credited Childs Appeal with their own change of mind and increased commitment included Wendell Phillips and William Ellery Channing. Second, Childs popularity with the general public plummeted, leading to the folding of Juvenile Miscellany in 1834 and reduced sales of The Frugal Housewife. She published more anti-slavery works, including an anonymously-published Authentic Anecdotes of American Slavery (1835) and the Anti-Slavery Catechism (1836). Her new attempt at an advice book, The Family Nurse (1837), was a victim of the controversy and failed. Writing and Abolitionism Undaunted, Child continued to write prolifically. She published another novel, Philothea, in 1836, Letters from New York in 1843–1845, and Flowers for Children in 1844–1847. She followed these with a book depicting fallen women, Fact and Fiction, in 1846 and The Progress of Religious Ideas (1855), influenced by Theodore Parkers transcendentalist Unitarianism. Both Maria and David became more active in the abolitionist movement. She served on the executive committee of Garrisons American Anti-Slavery Society and David helped Garrison found the New England Anti-Slavery Society. First Maria, then David, edited the National Anti-Slavery Standard from 1841 to 1844 before editorial differences with Garrison and the Anti-Slavery Society led to their resignations. David embarked on an effort to raise sugar cane, an attempt to replace slave-produced sugar cane. Lydia Maria boarded with the Quaker family of Isaac T. Hopper, an abolitionist whose biography she published in 1853. In 1857, at 55 years old, Lydia Maria Child published the inspirational collection Autumnal Leaves, apparently feeling her career coming to its close. Harpers Ferry But in 1859, after John Browns failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Lydia Maria Child plunged back into the anti-slavery arena with a series of letters that the Anti-Slavery Society published as a pamphlet. Three hundred thousand copies were distributed. In this compilation is one of Childs most memorable lines. Child responded to a letter from the wife of Virginia Senator James M. Mason that defended slavery by pointing to the kindness of Southern ladies in helping slave women give birth. Childs reply: ... here in the North, after we have helped the mothers, we do not sell the babies. Harriet Jacobs and Later Work As the war neared, Child continued to publish more anti-slavery tracts. In 1861, she edited the autobiography of ex-slave Harriet Jacobs, published as Incidents in the Life of a Slave-Girl. After the war- and slavery- ended, Lydia Maria Child followed through on her earlier proposal of education for ex-slaves by publishing, at her own expense, The Freedmens Book. The text was notable for including writings of noted African-Americans. She also wrote another novel, Romance of the Republic, about racial justice and interracial love. In 1868, Child returned to her early interest in Native Americans and published An Appeal for the Indians, proposing solutions for justice. In 1878, she published Aspirations of the World. Death Lydia Maria Child died on October 20, 1880, in Wayland, Massachusetts, on the farm she had shared with her husband David since 1852. Legacy Today, if Lydia Maria Child is remembered by name, it is usually for her Appeal. But ironically, her short doggerel poem, A Boys Thanksgiving Day, is better known than any of her other work. Few who sing or hear Over the river and through the woods... know much about the writer who was a novelist, journalist, domestic advice writer, and social reformer. One of her greatest accomplishments seems ordinary today, but it was groundbreaking: She was one of the first American women to earn a living income from her writing. In 2007, Child was inducted into the  National Womens Hall of Fame. Sources Child, Lydia Maria. An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans, edited by Carolyn L. Karcher, University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.Child, Lydia Maria. Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880, edited by Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland, University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.Karcher, Carolyn L. The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child. Duke University Press, 1998.

Tax Refund for Nonresident Aliens Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tax Refund for Nonresident Aliens - Case Study Example Very few are aware that they are overpaying the taxes. Credits and deductions that they are eligible for either under a bipartite international treaty or under US laws are not being properly utilized. The main reason is their limited understanding regarding US tax laws and secondly, many of them do not file the returns. No filing of the returns means no possibility of any refunds. The endeavour has been to understand these complexities, which has piled up unclaimed overpaid taxes with IRS. It would be appropriate to note that in view of the vastness of the subject effort has been put toward depicting the main issues in a generalized way rather than any specifics to the issue involved. Dates of Co-op Assignment: August 30 -December 9, 2010 On interaction with many non-resident aliens, I came to know that many of them were not very clear on the various tax-related matter, on personal income taxes. They belonged to the varied nationalities. They were not aware of some important US tax requirements. At times, they do not file tax returns or filed them incorrectly, which results in a lot of overpaid tax and the substantial amount goes unclaimed in the refund. †¢ Those people who have come under non-resident visa (J, F, Q or M category) in the US they are statutorily required to file a 1040NR Tax Return in physical form. These are known as US non-resident income tax return. They cannot file e-return or online returns. H1B visa falls in the category of non-immigrant visa. If H1B visa holder is recognized as Resident alien then he is required to file the tax return like any other US citizen, otherwise, they are required to file 1040NR tax return form only. It has been found that most nonresidents miss to file a return or file it incorrectly. It has been further noted that there is a large amount of unclaimed taxes by nonresidents who refrain from filing tax returns. They are under the impression that since the employer has withheld tax amount their obligations are over and they are not aware that they have paid more than what is required by the law.  Ã‚  

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History Research Paper

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History - Research Paper Example Secondly, Lillian Gilberth made major contributions to the psychology of management. Thirdly, both before and after the death of her husband, Lillian was an active teacher – she trained some of the most significant figures in the world of business. Additionally, she was a significant role model for women in management in her later years (Witzel, 145). After graduating from Boston English High School, Gilbreth later worked for Whidden and Company Construction as a bricklayer’s apprentice. Later, beginning 1895, he founded Frank Gilbreth construction and became its president until 1911. The company put up projects throughout the US. Beginning the year 1912, Gilbreth and his wife formed Gilbreth Consulting Incorporated. While he was working at Whidden Construction, Gilbreth did not find satisfaction with simply learning a skill but yearned to get to know the reason as to why his instructors used different motions as they taught him to lay a brick while when working alone, they used only one set of motion to lay a brick (Witzel, 209). He also realized that the bricklayers were using three dissimilar sets of motions – one for teaching bricklaying to others, a second while working at a slow speed, and a third while working at a quickly (Nelson.com, 9). These observations saw the start of Gilbreth’s groundbreaking work in the study of motion as well as ergonomics (the scientific workplace layout that reduces fatigue and improves work performance at the same time) and brought about his invention. While he was only 24, Gilbreth received the first of numerous patents for what he referred to as his â€Å"non-stooping scaffold†. He designed the scaffold with the aim of improving the rate at which workers laid bricks. As he observed bricklayer’s movements, Gilbreth came to the realization that it was possible to reduce the number of individual movements that workers made while moving every brick to the wall they were building from t he pallet. This would culminate into a double impact of reducing the amount of energy that they would have to use in addition to accelerating the work (Witzel, 209 & Witzel, 144-145). He started studying the various approaches and started doing away with those motions that were not necessary. For instance, he designed a stand that workers could raise to waist height, which eliminated the motion of stooping to lift each brick (Nelson.com, 9). Witzel explains that before Gilbreth’s design, bricklayers used most of their time stooping to lift bricks and then mortar, which they kept beside their feet. Gilbreth’s invention added a second level at the waist height of the workers to aid in storing materials. The scaffold would be hoisted in such a way that the top of the wall that workers were building was even with their torsos at all times. Instead of bending down now and then, workers would only turn and grab the bricks and this was easier and faster (Nelson.com, 9). The m ost significant fact was that the design deliberately decreased the amount of fatigue as well as stress on the backs of the workers – they were able to lay more bricks daily, with less exhaustion, chiefly in terms of back strain (Witzel, 209). Additionally, by giving those workers whose salaries were low the duty of putting all the bricks with their most attractive side facing